Agnew, Robert, 1994, THE TECHNIQUES OF NEUTRALIZATION AND VIOLENCE. Criminology, Nov94, Vol. 32 Issue 4, p555-580.
AgnewによるSykes & Matzaの提唱したTechniques of Neutralization(以下TN)のまとめ論文。
以下はAgnew論文からのメモ。
- Minor, William W. 1981 Techniques of neutralization: A reconceptualization and empirical examination. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 18:295-318.
- Conklin, John E. 1992 Criminology. New York: MacMHlan.(Amazon.com)
Sykes & MatzaはＴＮを５つに分けていたが、それ以外にもあるらしい*1。何が追加されているのかは原典にあたらないとよく分からない。Conklinのリーディングスは良さそうな感じだ。
- Hindelang, Michael. 1970. The Commitment of Delinquents to Their Misdeeds: Do Delinquents Drift?" Social Problems 35:159-161. (人図)
- Hindelang, Michael. 1974. "Moral Evaluations of Illegal Behaviors." Social Problems 21:370-385. (人図)
TNの経験的調査。多くの調査ではTNは確認されているそうだが、Hindelangの調査では支持されてはいない。
Hindelang (1970:508) concluded that delinquents "do not have moral inhibitions which normally restrain them from delinquent involvement," and as a result "there is nothing to neutralize."
理由は伝統的な価値観にコミットしていないため、中和の必要性がないということだそうだ。
興味深いのは男女差についての調査。
- Ball, Richard A. 1977 Emergent delinquency in a rurban area. In Theodore N. Ferdinand (ed.), Juvenile Delinquency: Little Brother Grows Up. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
neutralization was related to delinquency among the boys,it was unrelated to delinquency among the girls.
この研究では男に関してはＴＮは見られるが、女に関しては見られないという。
- Ball, Richard A. and J. Robert Lilly, 1971, Juvenile delinquency in a rurban county. Criminology 9:69-85.
they found that the "rurban" sixth graders had higher neutralization scores than a sample of high school boys from a high-delinquency urban area, even though the high school boys were more delinquent.
非行グループとそうではないグループに違いはなかったが、郊外と都会に差が出た。郊外の方がＴＮがよくでているとのこと。
Agnewに戻ってTNの説明。
Matza and Sykes (1961:713) stated that the techniques of neutralization explain "how an impetus to engage in delinquent behavior is translated into action," but they did not explain "what makes delinquency attractive in the first place."
ラベリング論もそうだ。
The effect of neutralization on delinquency, then, may be conditioned by a number of variables. Summarizing the above arguments, neutralization is most likely to lead to delinquency among those who (1) believe they are in situations in which the neutralizations are applicable, (2) have some commitment to conventional beliefs (i.e., disapprove of delinquency), (3) encounter opportunities for delinquency (i.e., situations in which the likelihood of reinforcement for delinquency is high and the likelihood of punishment is low), and (4) have, in the words of Minor (1981:301), a "strong need or desire to commit the offense." This strong need or desire may stem from association with delinquent peers, the experience of strain (including the strain of being "pushed around"), and the possession of an unfavorable self-concept.
ひとまずサマライズしたものをコピペ。ＴＮは逸脱「状態」に対してのものではなく、逸脱「行為」へのものなのだろう。単位は「状態」ではなく「行為」であることは個人的に要注意の点か。
*1:Minor論文のAbstractは以下。In their 1957 article, Sykes and Matza overstated the similarities between the value systems of delinquents and nondelinquents, and subsequent theorists have treated neutralization as a theoretical counterpoint to subcultural perspectives on delinquency. To overcome this artificial and unproductive dichotomization, a revision of neutralization theory is proposed that makes it compatible with subcultural interpretations of delinquency. Prior neutralization research is flawed because it fails to (1) establish the correct causal order between excuse acceptance and delinquency and (2) control for youths' moral evaluations of delinquent behavior. This paper presents the results of a two-wave panel study designed to overcome these shortcomings. For several forms of minor deviance, excuse acceptance is found to be related to subsequent behavior in the manner predicted by the theory. Controlling for moral evaluations and prior behavior, these relationships hold primarily for youths who disapprove of the behavior in question (as expected) but who have previously engaged in that behavior (contrary to expectation). Theoretical implications of these findings are explored.
